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Customised research

How to create custom skills

Custom skills are how you stop re-explaining your own way of working every time. Here is the whole process, in plain English.

What is a skill?

A skill is a directory of instructions that gives Claude specialised knowledge and workflows specific to your organisation or your personal way of working. At minimum it contains a skill.md file; it can also include reference documents, executable scripts and other resources.

Skills range from a few lines of plain instructions to multi-file packages with code. Once enabled, Claude reads the skill's metadata and decides for itself when the skill is relevant, so you don't have to repeat the same guidance in every conversation.

Availability

Skills work on Free, Pro, Max, Team and Enterprise plans, and require code execution to be enabled. They are also available in beta for Claude Code users and for all API users using the code execution tool.

What makes a good skill

The best skills solve a specific, repeatable task, have clear instructions Claude can follow, include examples where helpful, define when they should be used, and stay focused on one workflow rather than trying to do everything.

Record a skill

Available on Pro, Max and Team plans, in Cowork in Claude for Mac. Not available in chat, on Windows, or on Free and Enterprise plans. Rather than writing a skill by hand, you record yourself doing a task and Claude builds a proposed skill from what it observes.

Before you record: update to the latest Claude for Mac, grant the macOS permissions Claude asks for (Accessibility for mouse and keyboard tracking, Screen recording for screen visibility), and close anything you don't want captured. Everything on your screen is captured for the length of the session, along with anything you say, so avoid typing passwords or displaying sensitive information.

Recording: open Cowork in Claude for Mac and start either by clicking “+” in the composer then “Record a skill”, or via Customize > Skills > Add > “Record your screen”. Sessions run about 10 minutes, with a countdown when roughly a minute remains. Narrating helps, because it gives Claude context it cannot get from your screen alone, such as why you skip a step.

After you click Done: Claude reviews the recording and proposes either a new skill or an update to an existing one. Expand Content on the proposal card to read it before deciding. Saved skills appear in Customize > Skills.

What is kept: the video and audio are not retained. What remains is a set of screenshots, viewable by expanding the Recorded demonstration step in the task. Deleting the task removes them.

Create a skill.md file

Every skill is a directory containing at minimum a skill.md file, which must start with YAML frontmatter.

  • name (required) — a human-friendly name, 64 characters maximum. Example: Brand Guidelines
  • description (required) — what the skill does and when to use it, 200 characters maximum. This one is critical, because Claude uses it to decide when to invoke the skill.
  • dependencies (optional) — software packages the skill requires, for example python>=3.8, pandas>=1.5.0

Add resources and scripts

If there is too much information for a single skill.md file, add more files to the skill directory — for example a REFERENCE.md holding supplemental information. Referencing it from skill.md helps Claude decide whether it needs to open that resource.

For advanced skills, attach executable code files so Claude can run them. Claude and Claude Code can install packages from PyPI and npm when loading skills. API Skills cannot install packages at runtime, so all dependencies must be pre-installed in the container.

Package your skill

Make sure the folder name matches the skill's name, then create a ZIP of the folder. The skill folder must be the root of the ZIP, not a set of loose files.

  • my-skill.zip
  • └── my-skill/
  • ├── skill.md
  • └── resources/

Test your skill

Before uploading: review skill.md for clarity, check the description accurately reflects when Claude should use it, verify all referenced files exist in the right places, and test with example prompts to confirm Claude invokes it.

After uploading: enable the skill in Customize > Skills, try several prompts that should trigger it, review Claude's thinking to confirm the skill is loading, and iterate on the description if it isn't being used when expected.

When iterating in chat, you can edit skill files directly where they open beside the conversation. Highlight the text you want changed, click “Edit with Claude”, and type your request. For multi-file skills, leave edit requests across the files and send them together, and Claude applies them in one pass.

On Team and Enterprise plans, see “Provision and manage skills for your organization” to make a skill available across everyone.

Security considerations

Exercise caution when adding scripts to your skill. Don't hardcode sensitive information such as API keys or passwords, review any skills you download before enabling them, and use appropriate MCP connections for external service access.

One discrepancy worth knowing

The support article caps description at 200 characters, whereas the developer docs state 1024. The 200-character figure applies to the claude.ai upload path — so if you are working via the API and want a longer description, that is where the difference comes from.

Also worth following: the open Agent Skills specification at agentskills.io, so skills you create work across platforms that adopt the standard.

Best practices

  • · Keep it focused — create separate skills for different workflows. Multiple focused skills compose better than one large skill.
  • · Write clear descriptions — Claude uses descriptions to decide when to invoke your skill. Be specific about when it applies.
  • · Start simple — begin with basic instructions in Markdown before adding complex scripts. You can always expand later.
  • · Use examples — include example inputs and outputs in your skill.md file to help Claude understand what success looks like.
  • · Test incrementally — test after each significant change rather than building a complex skill all at once.
  • · Skills can build on each other — Claude can use multiple skills together automatically, and that composability is one of the most powerful parts.

Ready to copy

Jasmine's customised knowledge pool researcher

Turns a social media post (text or screenshot) into a fresh research briefing for a journalist's knowledge pool. Extracts the 3 core knowledge topics buried in the post, then researches each one for what's genuinely new — recent launches, scientific papers, fresh statistics, competing evidence, or unfamiliar concepts — from respected sources, and answers directly as plain text in the chat (never as a file or document). Use this whenever the user pastes a social media post, caption, or screenshot and asks you to "research this," "add this to my knowledge pool," "dig into this post," "find the numbers behind this," or otherwise wants investigative background/fact-context on something they're about to write about. Trigger even if they just paste content with minimal framing like "research this" — that's the normal way this skill gets used.

Create a folder, add a skill.md file, and paste the whole body below into it — instructions, output rules and the worked example are all included.

skill.md

# Knowledge Pool Researcher

## Why this exists

The user is a journalist. Social media moves fast and posts state things confidently without evidence. Before writing about a topic, she wants a quick, credible research pass that either backs up what's being claimed, complicates it, or adds something she didn't know — with real numbers and real sources, not vague restatement. The output becomes raw material she folds into her own writing, so it needs to read like notes from a sharp researcher, not a formatted report.

# Input

The user will paste text (a caption, a post, a claim) or attach/paste a screenshot of a social media post. If it's an image, just read it directly — it's already visible to you, no separate OCR step needed. If she pastes both a screenshot and some framing text, treat the screenshot as the primary source material.

# Step 1: Extract exactly 3 knowledge topics

Read the post and pull out the 3 main concepts it's actually about — the plain-named things (a technology, a company/product, a trend, a claim) the post is built on, stated the way anyone would name them. If a post is about OpenAI adding health records to ChatGPT while Whoop and Oura make similar moves, the 3 topics are things like "AI in health," "OpenAI/ChatGPT Health," and "wearables in health" — not an analytical reframing like "the regulatory mechanism enabling health data access." Don't invent a clever angle as the topic name; name the concept, then let the research under it carry the insight.

State the 3 topics in one short line before diving into research, so the user can see your read on the post. This should take one sentence, not a paragraph.

# Step 2: Research each topic

This is the step that most determines whether the output is useful, so read this carefully: **the job is not to fact-check the post.** Confirming that the post's own numbers are accurate, or restating its claims with a source attached, produces zero new value — the user already has those claims, that's what she pasted in. If a bullet's only function is "yes, this number in the post is correct," cut it or fold it into one clause and move on to something the post doesn't already say.

The job is to go past the post — to bring back things the user did not know before she read your research. Concretely, search for:

- The mechanism or history behind why this is happening now. Posts state a phenomenon; they rarely explain the structural reason it's possible now and wasn't five years ago (a regulation that changed, a technical standard that matured, an economic shift). That "why now" is usually more valuable than any number in the post itself.
- **Precedent — has this been tried before, and what happened?** Most trends have a prior generation that failed or succeeded for specific reasons. Finding that precedent (a company that tried this and collapsed, a policy that backfired, an earlier study that got overturned) gives the user something to reason with.
- The adjacent risk, mechanism, or debate the post doesn't mention at all. Not "is the post's claim true" but "what's the thing right next to this claim that changes how you should think about it" — a regulatory fight, a scientific mechanism, a second-order consequence, an expert disagreement.
- **Real numbers, but in service of new context** — market sizing, funding, adoption curves, comparative figures — used to answer a question the post raised but didn't quantify, not to re-verify a stat the post already gave.
- **A genuinely new concept or term** the user likely hasn't encountered, if the research turns one up.

Use web search for this — don't rely on memorized knowledge, since the point is finding what's recently changed and what's not common knowledge yet. Prefer respected, citable outlets: established news organizations, primary sources (company blogs/press releases for launches, the actual paper for research findings), industry reports, and recognized research institutions over aggregator or low-authority sites. For each topic, land on 2-3 sources that are genuinely worth citing — better to have 2 sources with real substance than 4 with filler.

If after real effort a topic turns out to have nothing new to add beyond the post, say so plainly rather than padding with a restated fact-check — that itself is useful information for the user, and rare.

# Step 3: Answer in the chat as plain text

This is a hard constraint: the output is a chat message, never a file, document, or artifact. No SendUserFile, no docx/pdf/md file creation — just write the research directly in your response.

Use bold topic titles, and give every individual bullet its own short bold mini-title too — not just one header per topic. The reader should be able to scan just the bold mini-titles down the whole message and know what's there before reading a word of the explanation.

For each topic:

1. A bolded topic title naming the topic plainly (from Step 1).
2. 2-4 bullets under it. Each bullet is **Mini-title:** sentence. — the mini-title names the specific fact (e.g. Scale:, HIPAA gap:, Prior failure:, Accuracy rate:), and the sentence delivers one concrete, self-contained number or fact with a plain-language explanation of what it means, right there in the same sentence.
3. A "Sources:" line at the end of each topic's section with 2-3 sources as Title links.

The self-contained test — apply this to every bullet before it ships: could a reader who has never seen the post or any other bullet understand this sentence on its own, and immediately see why it matters? If a bullet uses "this model," "that risk," "the mechanism," or any other pointer word whose meaning lives in a different sentence, rewrite it so the referent is named inline. If a bullet states a number with no explanation of what it means in practice (e.g. "there are 200 state statutes" with no follow-up on what that changes for anyone), either add the concrete implication in the same sentence or cut the bullet — a number alone is not knowledge.

Do not write connective narration between bullets or topics ("this raises questions about...", "which complicates things..."). If a connection between two facts is worth making, it belongs inside one bullet as part of the same self-contained sentence, not as separate scene-setting prose. Skip any closing wrap-up entirely unless it contains one more concrete, self-contained fact — never a closer that just re-describes what the bullets already said.

## What "good" looks like

The test for every single bullet, not just the piece as a whole: could the user have written this sentence just by reading the post more carefully? If yes, delete it. Good output reads like a well-read colleague saying "here's what that post didn't tell you" — new numbers she didn't have, a precedent or failure mode she hadn't considered, a mechanism that explains the "why now," a concept that reframes the topic entirely. Fact-checking whether the post's own claims are accurate is, at most, one small clause inside a bullet that's mostly about something new — never the bullet's whole reason for existing, and never the frame for the whole topic.

## Example

**Input:** A post about OpenAI rolling out Health in ChatGPT, connecting medical records and wearables, alongside similar moves from Whoop, Oura, and Apple.

**Topics extracted:** AI in health, OpenAI/ChatGPT Health, wearables in health (Whoop/Oura/Apple).

**Output should look like this** (note: every bullet has its own bold mini-title, every sentence is self-contained, no connective narration):

## AI in health

- **Sycophancy bias:** A 2025 analysis found AI chatbot models are 50% more sycophantic than human respondents — they systematically lean toward agreeable, reassuring answers rather than medically accurate ones, a specific documented failure mode distinct from random error.
- **Measured accuracy:** In a test of 250 medical questions across five chatbots (ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok, Meta AI, DeepSeek), 50% of answers were rated problematic enough to risk harm if followed — Grok was worst (58% highly problematic), Gemini was best.
- **Regulatory gap:** Health chatbots meet the FDA's legal definition of a "medical device," but the FDA isn't regulating them because companies add a disclaimer ("not for diagnosis or treatment") — even though FDA rules let regulators look past marketing language at actual product design and usage.
- **Sources:** [AI chatbots are sycophants — researchers say it's harming science](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-03390-0), [Health AI Chatbots are Legally Medical Devices](https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2026/05/26/health-ai-chatbots-are-legally-medical-devices-its-time-the-fda-started-treating-them-like-it/)

## OpenAI / ChatGPT Health

- **Scale:** ChatGPT Health queries grew from 230 million a week in January 2026 to 300 million a week by July 2026.
- **Why it can access records now:** Hospitals were legally required to expose patient data through standardized APIs by December 31, 2022 under the 21st Century Cures Act's "information blocking" rule — before that date, hospitals could legally refuse this kind of data access, so this is a regulatory unlock, not a new AI capability.
- **HIPAA gap:** Once records move from a hospital into ChatGPT, they lose HIPAA protection, because HIPAA only binds "covered entities" like hospitals and insurers, and OpenAI isn't one — so the same data has fewer legal privacy protections inside ChatGPT than it had at the hospital.
- **Sources:** [OpenAI makes ChatGPT Health available to all U.S. users](https://techcrunch.com/2026/07/23/openai-makes-chatgpt-health-available-to-all-u-s-users/), [An Easy 21st Century Cures Act Information Blocking Timeline](https://www.particlehealth.com/blog/cures-act-timeline)

## Wearables in health

- **Whoop:** Partnered with HealthEx on June 17, 2026 to let members link hospital medical records directly into the Whoop app alongside biometric data like sleep and recovery scores.
- **Oura:** Partnered with Counsel Health (rolled out June 16, 2026) to add AI medical chat plus escalation to a real, board-certified physician inside the app — live in 43 states, blocked in 8 by state telehealth rules.
- **Failed twice before:** Google Health (2008–2011) and Microsoft HealthVault (2007–2019) both tried to be a single hub for personal health data and shut down — both failed because, before the 2022 API mandate, hospitals had no legal obligation to feed them data, so there was nothing to connect to.
- **The financial exposure this creates:** When 23andMe went bankrupt in 2025, the genetic data of its 15 million customers became a sellable bankruptcy asset — a nonprofit had to outbid a pharmaceutical company ($305M vs. $256M) to keep it out of pharma hands. No US law currently stops a health-data company's user data from being sold this way, which is the same exposure Whoop, Oura, and OpenAI's health data would face if any of them were ever sold.
- **Sources:** [WHOOP and HealthEx Partner](https://www.whoop.com/us/en/press-center/whoop-and-healthex-partner-to-connect-medical-records-and-biometric-data-to-deliver-more-personalized-health-insights/), [Oura and Counsel Health Partner](https://ouraring.com/blog/counsel-integration-oura-app/), [23andMe sale approved](https://www.npr.org/2025/06/30/nx-s1-5451398/23andme-sale-approved-dna-data)